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Related Concept Videos

Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

74.7K
Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:39

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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Overview
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Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...
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Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
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Estrogen receptor in human myoma tissue.

M J Puukka, K K Kontula, A J Kauppila

    Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
    |November 1, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study investigated estrogen receptors in human uterine myoma, finding their presence and characteristics. Myoma estrogen receptor levels correlated with myometrium but not endometrium, suggesting tissue-specific differences.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Gynecologic Oncology

    Background:

    • Uterine myomas are common benign tumors in women.
    • Estrogen receptors play a crucial role in myoma development and growth.
    • Understanding estrogen receptor characteristics in myomas is vital for targeted therapies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the presence and characteristics of estrogen receptors in human uterine myoma cytosol.
    • To compare myoma estrogen receptor levels with those in normal myometrium and endometrium.
    • To assess the ligand specificity of the myoma estrogen receptor.

    Main Methods:

    • Dextran-coated charcoal and density gradient centrifugation techniques were employed.
    • Quantification of receptor binding site concentrations and apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) were determined.

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  • [3H]estradiol binding and ligand specificity studies using 30 steroidal compounds were performed.

    • Main Results:

    • Estrogen receptors were detected in 23 out of 24 myoma samples, with concentrations ranging from 23 to 515 fmol/mg cytosol protein.
    • The apparent Kd for estradiol-17beta was 1.3 X 10(-10) mol/l.
    • Myoma estrogen receptor ligand specificity closely resembled that of normal human myometrium, endometrium, and breast carcinoma.
    • Myoma estrogen receptor concentrations correlated significantly with myometrium but not endometrium.

    Conclusions:

    • Human uterine myomas possess estrogen receptors with characteristics similar to those in normal tissues and breast carcinoma.
    • Myoma estrogen receptor levels show a positive correlation with myometrial levels, indicating potential shared regulatory mechanisms.
    • The findings highlight the importance of estrogen receptor status in uterine myomas and suggest tissue-specific receptor expression patterns.