In vitro corrosion resistance of titanium made using different fabrication methods

The corrosion of cast or milled ASTM Grade II CP titanium with different surface conditions was studied by potentiodynamic anodic polarization and immersion testing. Specimens were fabricated using three dental titanium casting systems and from machined titanium. Three surface conditions were tested: (1) sandblasted with surface reaction layers remaining; (2) polished surface without surface reaction layers; and (3) sandblasted surface without surface reaction layers. An acidic saline solution (0.1 M lactic acid/0.1 M NaC1 [pH = 2]) and an artificial saliva were used as the corrosion media. Anodic polarization was performed starting at 50 mV below the rest potential and terminating at +2250 mV vs Ag/AgCl. Two surface conditions (sandblasted with the surface reaction layers and polished without such layers) were examined in the immersion test. Specimens were immersed in the corrosion media at 37 degrees C for six months. The recovered solution was analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer for titanium dissolution. A distinctive passive region on the polarization diagram, ranging from approximately 0 to approximately +1300 mV, was observed for all specimens in both media. Great similarity was observed for all the sandblasted specimens which had larger primary passive current densities and passive regions compared to the polished ones. A current density peak at approximately +1600 mV seen for all the specimens with sandblasted surfaces was less well defined for the polished specimens. Immersion testing in the acidic saline solution revealed no significant differences among the polished specimens. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in titanium dissolution was found for the sandblasted specimens with surface reaction layers remaining on the surfaces made with phosphate-bonded SiO2/Al2O3 investment compared to the polished ones. Significant differences were also found between sandblasted specimens with the surface reaction layers resulting from different investment materials and different casting methods. Measurable amounts of titanium were not found for all specimens in the artificial saliva after six months. It is evident that the corrosion behavior of cast CP titanium is similar to that of machined titanium. The surface roughness appears to be a more prominent factor than do the surface reaction layers on the polarization behavior of the CP titanium under the present experimental conditions. Surface roughness and the presence of the surface reaction layers both affect the dissolution of titanium.