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Related Concept Videos

Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...
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Mechanism of Conjugation

Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos
13:54

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Published on: October 10, 2011

Histone octamer transfer by a chromatin-remodeling complex.

Y Lorch1, M Zhang, R D Kornberg

  • 1Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA.

Cell
|February 20, 1999
PubMed
Summary

The RSC complex, a chromatin remodeler, transfers histone octamers to DNA, forming new nucleosomes. This ATP-dependent process may involve a duplex displacement loop mechanism.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Chromatin Dynamics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The RSC complex is a key chromatin-remodeling factor.
  • It is structurally related to the SWI/SNF complex.
  • Chromatin remodeling is essential for DNA accessibility and gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism by which the RSC complex remodels nucleosomes.
  • To understand the role of ATP in RSC-mediated chromatin remodeling.
  • To characterize the intermediate formed during the reaction.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays to study histone octamer transfer.
  • Nucleosome reconstitution experiments.
  • Characterization of reaction intermediates.

Main Results:

  • RSC catalyzes the transfer of histone octamers from nucleosomes to naked DNA.
  • The reaction yields a functional nucleosome identical to the original.
  • ATP is required, and an activated RSC-nucleosome intermediate is formed.
  • A potential mechanism involving a duplex displacement loop was proposed.

Conclusions:

  • RSC facilitates nucleosome assembly and disassembly.
  • The reaction mechanism may involve DNA loop formation.
  • This provides insights into fundamental chromatin dynamics.