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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

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Hemolysate-mediated renal vasoconstriction and hypersensitization.

T J Burke1, S Falk, J D Conger

  • 1Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver 80262, USA. Tom.Burke@uchsc.edu

Renal Failure
|February 27, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Hemolysate from red blood cells causes kidney arterioles to contract and become more sensitive to angiotensin II. This effect is mediated by a factor other than hemoglobin, impacting calcium levels in smooth muscle cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Vascular Physiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Red blood cell breakdown products can influence vascular tone.
  • Understanding the specific components responsible for these effects is crucial for renal physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of hemolysate on isolated rat kidney afferent arterioles (AA) and efferent arterioles (EA).
  • To identify the component in hemolysate responsible for vasoconstriction and sensitization to angiotensin II (AII).

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of vessel diameter in isolated rat AA and EA before and after hemolysate addition.
  • Assessment of vascular smooth muscle cell cytosolic-free calcium concentration ((Ca2+i)) upon hemolysate exposure.
  • Testing the effects of purified hemolysate and pure hemoglobin.

Main Results:

  • Hemolysate induced vigorous contraction of AA and EA, and hypersensitization to AII.
  • Pure hemoglobin did not replicate these effects.
  • Vasoconstriction was associated with increased (Ca2+i), partly dependent on calcium influx.
  • A factor < or = 1000 Da in hemolysate was responsible for vasoconstriction.

Conclusions:

  • Hemolysate contains a non-hemoglobin factor that causes vasoconstriction in kidney arterioles.
  • This factor elevates cytosolic calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells.
  • The findings suggest a novel mechanism of renal vascular regulation involving hemolyzed red blood cells.