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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...
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Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
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Sexual dimorphism in white campion: deletion on the Y chromosome results in a floral asexual phenotype.

I Farbos1, J Veuskens, B Vyskot

  • 1Université Bordeaux II, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, 33405 Talence, France.

Genetics
|March 2, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Asexual mutants in white campion reveal a stamen-promoting function (SPF) on the Y chromosome, crucial for male development. This finding clarifies the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in this species.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics and reproductive biology
  • Sex determination mechanisms in dioecious species

Background:

  • White campion exhibits sexual dimorphism, with males developing a filamentous structure instead of a pistil and females experiencing early stamen degeneration.
  • Existing knowledge on sex determination in white campion points to heteromorphic X and Y chromosomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in white campion, specifically focusing on male development.
  • To identify the function and chromosomal location of genes controlling stamen development.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of asexual (asx) mutants using gamma ray irradiation of pollen.
  • Screening for mutants exhibiting combined male and female developmental defects in the M1 generation.
  • Comparative analysis of stamen development in wild-type females and asx mutants.
  • Cytogenetic analysis to determine the chromosomal origin of mutations (interstitial deletions on the Y chromosome).

Main Results:

  • Asexual (asx) mutants were generated, displaying defects in anther development characteristic of both sexes.
  • Mutations were identified as interstitial deletions on the Y chromosome, specifically in the Y2 region.
  • The stamen-promoting function (SPF), essential for sporogenous/parietal cell differentiation, is absent in females (XX) and affected by Y chromosome deletions in mutants.
  • asx mutants and wild-type females show similar defects in anther development, resulting in vestigial anthers.

Conclusions:

  • The stamen-promoting function (SPF) is a Y-linked gene essential for early male development in white campion.
  • The Y chromosome plays a primary role in initiating male development by suppressing the ancestral hermaphroditic state.
  • Sexual dimorphism in white campion is controlled by distinct Y chromosome regions (Y1 for triggering male development, Y2 for stamen promotion).