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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2026

Tools to Study the Role of Architectural Protein HMGB1 in the Processing of Helix Distorting, Site-specific DNA Interstrand Crosslinks
12:19

Tools to Study the Role of Architectural Protein HMGB1 in the Processing of Helix Distorting, Site-specific DNA Interstrand Crosslinks

Published on: November 10, 2016

Bulky endogenous DNA modifications (I-compounds) -possible structural origins and functional implications.

K Randerath1, E Randerath, G D Zhou

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Mutation Research
|March 5, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Certain bulky DNA modifications, known as I-compounds, may protect against cancer and aging. Type I I-compounds are influenced by genetics and environment, while Type II I-compounds indicate DNA damage.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 28, 2026

Tools to Study the Role of Architectural Protein HMGB1 in the Processing of Helix Distorting, Site-specific DNA Interstrand Crosslinks
12:19

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Published on: November 10, 2016

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

Quantitative Detection of DNA-Protein Crosslinks and Their Post-Translational Modifications
10:12

Quantitative Detection of DNA-Protein Crosslinks and Their Post-Translational Modifications

Published on: April 21, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Bulky covalent DNA modifications, termed I-compounds, accumulate with age in animals.
  • These compounds originate from endogenous metabolic intermediates and are classified into Type I and Type II.
  • Type I I-compounds show variable profiles influenced by genetics and environment, while Type II represent DNA damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature and functional significance of Type I and Type II I-compounds.
  • To explore the relationship between I-compounds, aging, carcinogenesis, and lifespan.
  • To understand the role of I-compounds in response to dietary and environmental factors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of I-compound profiles and levels in various animal tissues.
  • Investigation of factors influencing I-compound formation, including diet, hormones, and carcinogens.
  • Correlation of I-compound levels with aging, carcinogenesis, and lifespan.

Main Results:

  • Type I I-compound levels are influenced by species, strain, tissue, gender, diet, and exposures.
  • Carcinogenesis is associated with a depletion of Type I I-compounds, while dietary restriction elevates them.
  • Type II I-compounds, linked to oxidative stress and carcinogens like Fe-NTA, represent DNA damage and increase in neonates.

Conclusions:

  • Type I I-compounds may play a protective role against cancer and age-related diseases, rather than being simple DNA lesions.
  • Dietary restriction enhances Type I I-compound levels, correlating with increased lifespan.
  • Early-life oxidative DNA damage (Type II) may contribute to later-life diseases.