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Vaccinia virus immune evasion.

¹Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK. glsmith@molbiol.ox.ac.uk

Immunology Letters

|March 5, 1999

Summary

Vaccinia virus employs three immune evasion strategies, including a soluble protein that binds CC chemokines and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) resistant to antibodies and complement. EEV evades complement via acquired host proteins like CD55.

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Vaccinia virus (VACV) possesses virulence factors crucial for in vivo infection, though dispensable for cell culture replication.
Understanding VACV's immune evasion mechanisms is vital for controlling viral pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the multifaceted strategies employed by vaccinia virus to circumvent host immune responses.
To characterize the role of soluble factors and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) in immune evasion.

Main Methods:

Analysis of vaccinia virus-secreted proteins, focusing on chemokine-binding activity.
Characterization of extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) properties, including resistance to neutralization and complement-mediated lysis.
Investigation of host complement control protein acquisition by EEV.

Main Results:

Vaccinia virus releases a soluble protein that sequesters CC chemokines, independent of cellular chemokine receptors.
Extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) exhibits resistance to antibody neutralization and complement-mediated destruction.
EEV's resistance to complement is attributed to the incorporation of host complement control proteins, notably CD55.

Conclusions:

Vaccinia virus utilizes at least three distinct mechanisms to evade host immunity.
The soluble chemokine-binding protein and complement-resistant EEV represent key viral strategies for in vivo survival and pathogenesis.

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