Establishment of persistent infection with HIV-1 abrogates the caspase-3-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway in...

Treatment of 26L cells, a subclone obtained from U937 cells, with TNF-alpha or DNA-damaging agents such as teniposide (VM26) and camptothecin (CPT) induced morphologically and biochemically typical apoptotic changes, including the activation of procaspase-3. The cells persistently infected with HIV-1 (26L/HIV), however, showed a marked resistance to VM26 and CPT, whereas they hardly lost the sensitivity to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of 26L/HIV cells proceeded without the increase in caspase-3 activity, indicating that signaling for apoptosis in the infected cells proceeded through an alternative caspase-3-independent pathway which could respond to TNF-alpha but not to VM26 and CPT. The evidence that p-toluenesulfonyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone (a trypsin-like serine protease inhibitor) blocked VM26- and CPT-induced apoptotic changes but not TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis also supported the existence of the alternative TNF-alpha-inducible pathway. The results also suggest that a TLCK-sensitive protease is involved upstream of the procaspase-3 activation process and that the protease is essential for the progress of VM26- and CPT-induced apoptosis. The similar effect of HIV-1-productive infection on the apoptosis induced by the DNA-damaging agents was also confirmed by utilizing U1 cells, which are latently HIV-1-infected U937 cells. The cells became resistant to these agents after induction of the viral production by pretreatment with PMA. These results suggest that persistent HIV-1 infection blocks an apoptotic pathway triggered by DNA damaging agents through the inhibition of the procaspase-3 activation process.