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Individual differences in posttraumatic distress: problems with the DSM-IV model.

M L Bowman1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia. bowman@sfu.ca

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie
|March 17, 1999
PubMed
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Individual differences, not event severity, significantly impact posttraumatic stress responses. Tailoring treatments to these individual factors is crucial for improving outcomes after trauma exposure.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Trauma Studies

Background:

  • Posttraumatic stress responses are often attributed to the severity of threatening life events.
  • Existing clinical models, like the DSM-IV, emphasize event characteristics in diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the scientific evidence on the role of threatening life events in causing clinically significant posttraumatic stress responses.
  • To compare the impact of event characteristics versus individual differences in trauma response.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of epidemiological research was conducted.
  • The review examined evidence for dose-response relationships between trauma exposure and PTSD.
  • Individual difference factors interacting with trauma exposure were analyzed.

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Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests individual differences, such as negative affectivity and pre-existing beliefs, are more influential than event characteristics in trauma response.
  • The findings diverge significantly from the current DSM-IV model of posttraumatic distress.
  • Specific individual factors like neuroticism and cognitive schemas play a key role.

Conclusions:

  • The contribution of event qualities to posttraumatic stress is less significant than previously assumed.
  • Individual differences are critical for understanding and treating posttraumatic stress responses.
  • Treatment strategies must incorporate individual differences for enhanced efficacy, moving beyond a sole focus on event severity.