Implantation versus infiltration: the Sampson versus the endometriotic disease theory

It has been assumed that endometriosis is a progressive disease, with growth and development of lesions being inevitable once the disease has started. The implantation and the metaplasia theories describe the mechanism of initiation of endometriotic lesions, but do not explain the different clinical manifestations of endometriosis. To explain the variable expression, growth and development of lesions into severe disease, a new endometriotic disease theory is proposed. This theory suggests that progression of endometriosis to endometriotic disease is considered similar to the onset and progression of a benign tumour. In this theory, the most important factor in the development of endometriotic disease is not the initial implantation/metaplasia, but cellular changes such as mutations. According to this theory, endometriotic disease develops from endometriotic cells that have 'escaped' the influence of protective and regulatory factors in the peritoneal fluid.