Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of various therapies for common prostatic disorders

Diseases of the prostate currently represent a major health problem worldwide. As the age of the male population increases in the future, so will the number of patients suffering from these disorders and the cost for treatment increase. Currently, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer are common in men over 50 years of age. In men after puberty, prostatic infections (prostatitis) are common. Each condition carries with it controversy regarding the most cost-effective treatment. Treatment for these disorders can include surgical intervention, drug therapy, or no treatment at all. In the United States, surgery is the usual treatment of BPH in men over 65 years of age, but most patients with BPH are asymptomatic and require no intervention. Aside from acute urinary retention or backpressure that compromises renal function, the indications to perform surgery are questionable. While some alpha-adrenergic antagonists are used to temporarily relieve symptoms, many patients with BPH will eventually require surgery. Transurethral resection of the prostate is the surgical treatment of choice in selected patients with BPH, accounting for over 90% of surgery performed in this area. The risk-to-benefit ratio for this procedure is favourable and cost-saving steps can be taken by the physician. Open prostatectomy, both suprapubic and retropubic, is performed to treat large prostates. However, both hospital stay and overall morbidity is higher for open prostatectomy than for transurethral prostatic resection. Radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy are commonly performed to treat patients with cancer of the prostate. For patients with the early stages of the disease, administering no treatment is also acceptable. Each therapeutic method has its advocates, and overall survival rates are similar for all treatments. Radiotherapy, however, is less expensive. We review the magnitude of these diseases, therapies available and relevant cost-effectiveness studies. When this sort of scientific information is not taken into account, the physician's decision of which therapy to choose is sometimes blinded by the prejudices and fears of the patient.