Therapeutic FES: from rehabilitation to neural prosthetics

The purpose of this paper is to review the therapeutic applications of electrical stimulation and to focus on functional neuromuscular electrical stimulation (FES), which is the production of useful muscle contractions for joint stability and limb movement. The use of FES to improve patient function during the recovery period after illness or injury and the transition to FES neural prosthetic systems for patients who do not fully recover will be discussed. Emphasis will be given to the maintenance of posture and the production of purposeful movement from the perspective of technologies and clinical strategies that are available today and from the perspective of those technologies that have the potential for transfer to community health care in the near future.