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Related Concept Videos

Pulse01:05

Pulse

The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls between...
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac output averages...
Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management01:28

Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy may undergo a septal myectomy (Morrow procedure). This procedure involves excising a portion of the hypertrophied septum below the aortic valve using a heart-lung machine to improve blood flow through the LVOT. Effective preoperative and postoperative nursing management ensures successful patient outcomes, minimizes complications, and...

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Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine
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Prediction of post-cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac output by venous oximetry.

A Baraka1, M Baroody, S Haroun

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology-American University of Beirut, Lebanon.

The Journal of Extra-Corporeal Technology
|December 10, 1991
PubMed
Summary

This study compared two methods for predicting cardiac output (CO) after heart surgery. Predicting CO using oxygen extraction proved more accurate than using mixed venous oxygen saturation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Surgical Monitoring
  • Hemodynamics

Background:

  • Accurate prediction of post-cardiac surgery cardiac output (CO) is crucial for patient management.
  • Existing methods for CO prediction require validation, especially in the context of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare two distinct equations for predicting post-CPB cardiac output.
  • To determine which physiological parameter, mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO2) or oxygen extraction, offers more accurate CO prediction.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 10 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
  • CO was predicted using two equations: one based on SVO2, the other on oxygen extraction (1-SVO2).
  • Predictions were validated against CO measured by thermodilution immediately after weaning from CPB.

Main Results:

  • Correlation analysis indicated that CO prediction is more accurate when based on the relationship between CO and oxygen extraction.
  • The oxygen extraction-based prediction approached a 1:1 ratio with measured CO more closely than the SVO2-based prediction.

Conclusions:

  • Predicting cardiac output based on oxygen extraction provides a more reliable estimation post-cardiopulmonary bypass.
  • This finding suggests that oxygen extraction is a superior surrogate for CO estimation in the immediate post-CPB period.