Asthma therapy with aerosols: clinical relevance for the next decade

Inhaled therapy is the mainstay of modern asthma management, as this optimizes the therapeutic ratio. Short-acting beta 2-agonists are the most effective bronchodilators and when given by inhalation give rapid relief of symptoms, without adverse effects, although there are concerns about overuse of these drugs. Inhaled long-acting beta 2-agonists are useful in some patients. Inhaled anticholinergics are particularly useful in patients with COPD and in the future long-acting drugs, such as tiotropium bromide, will be available. Inhaled glucocorticoids are the most effective therapy in controlling chronic asthma symptoms, and systemic effects are not a problem in the vast majority of patients. Improved inhalation devices and steroids with reduced oral bioavailability have resulted in reduced systemic side effects, which now arise largely from absorption from the lungs. In the future it is likely that new classes of drug will be developed, but whether they will be used by inhalation or given by mouth will depend on the frequency of side effects and the mode of action of the drugs. There are likely to be several improvements in inhaler delivery systems, so that the inhaled route will remain predominant for many years to come.