Congenital and acquired anophthalmia
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Updated: Oct 23, 2026

The Mammalian Ocular Lens in Focus: Development, Anatomy, Physiology, Transparency, Biomechanics, and Age-Related Challenges
Published on: May 29, 2026
L F Handler1, K L Heher, J A Katowitz
1Children's Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
Abstract:
Anophthalmia is an absence of ocular tissue in the orbit. Important aspects in the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of both congenital and acquired anophthalmic patients are reviewed. Congenital and acquired anophthalmia differ in etiology, but many concepts of management can apply to either category. Specific steps in the evaluation and treatment including the proper timing for medical and surgical intervention will be discussed. The major goals for the ophthalmologist are to optimize motility and symmetry of the eyelids and orbit and coordinate efforts with other medical specialties.
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