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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Protists I01:15

Diversity of Protists I

Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
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Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...
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Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the United States. This extracellular parasite primarily colonizes the lower genitourinary tract in women—particularly the vagina—and in men, the urethra and prostate. Its structural and functional adaptations enable its survival, motility, and pathogenicity within the host environment.Structural Features and Host EntryT.

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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

A Modified EPA Method 1623 that Uses Tangential Flow Hollow-fiber Ultrafiltration and Heat Dissociation Steps to Detect Waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.
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A Modified EPA Method 1623 that Uses Tangential Flow Hollow-fiber Ultrafiltration and Heat Dissociation Steps to Detect Waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.

Published on: July 9, 2012

Emerging intestinal protozoa: a diagnostic dilemma.

P A Collins1, M S Wright

  • 1University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0080, USA.

Clinical Laboratory Science : Journal of the American Society for Medical Technology
|August 5, 1997
PubMed
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Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and microsporidia are emerging causes of severe diarrhea, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Accurate laboratory diagnosis and physician communication are crucial for effective treatment and patient recovery.

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A Modified EPA Method 1623 that Uses Tangential Flow Hollow-fiber Ultrafiltration and Heat Dissociation Steps to Detect Waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.
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Area of Science:

  • Medical Parasitology
  • Clinical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and microsporidia are increasingly identified in patients with severe diarrhea, especially those who are immunocompromised.
  • These protozoa have also been linked to waterborne outbreaks in immunocompetent individuals, highlighting their public health significance.
  • While Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora transmission routes are partially understood (fecal-oral via food/water), microsporidia transmission remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic challenges and clinical importance of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and microsporidia.
  • To emphasize the need for improved laboratory detection methods for these protozoan pathogens.
  • To underscore the critical role of accurate diagnosis and interdisciplinary communication in patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the diagnosis and clinical presentation of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and microsporidia.
  • Discussion of various microscopic and molecular diagnostic techniques, including wet mounts, acid-fast stains, trichrome stains, immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassays, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • Emphasis on the requirement for skilled laboratory personnel for accurate pathogen identification.

Main Results:

  • Laboratory diagnosis of these protozoa is challenging and often not covered by routine screening.
  • Effective microscopic and molecular diagnostic methods exist but require expertise.
  • Accurate identification is essential as treatment varies significantly between genera.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition and precise laboratory identification of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and microsporidia are vital for immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients.
  • Advanced diagnostic techniques show promise but rely on trained professionals.
  • Close collaboration between clinical laboratories and physicians is paramount for successful patient treatment and outcomes.