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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells
12:24

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Published on: March 5, 2010

A role for CD99 in T cell activation.

D Wingett1, K Forcier, C P Nielson

  • 1Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, 83702, USA. denise.wingett.med.va.gov

Cellular Immunology
|April 15, 1999
PubMed
Summary

The T cell surface protein CD99 enhances T cell proliferation and activation when stimulated. CD99 signaling provides costimulatory signals, crucial for T cell immune responses.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • CD99 is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed on various immune cells.
  • Its precise function in T cell activation remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of CD99 in human CD4(+) peripheral T cell activation.
  • To elucidate the signaling pathways modulated by CD99 ligation.

Main Methods:

  • Human CD4(+) T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies.
  • CD99 ligation was achieved using anti-CD99 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
  • T cell proliferation, activation markers (CD25, CD69, CD40L), and protein phosphorylation were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Crosslinking CD99 with anti-CD3 enhanced T cell proliferation significantly.

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Last Updated: Jul 22, 2026

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  • CD99 coligation upregulated CD25, CD69, and CD40L expression.
  • CD99 ligation induced tyrosine phosphorylation of a 29-kDa protein, suggesting a specific signaling pathway.
  • Costimulation with anti-CD28 and anti-CD99 showed additive effects on CD40L expression.

    • Conclusions:

    • CD99 signaling delivers effective costimulatory signals to T cells.
    • CD99 plays a significant role in modulating T cell activation and proliferation.
    • A distinct CD99-induced signal transduction pathway is implicated in its function.