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Acanthosis nigricans.

C A Stuart1, M S Driscoll, K F Lundquist

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA.

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
|April 23, 1999
PubMed
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Acanthosis nigricans, a skin condition linked to obesity, is a visible indicator of hyperinsulinemia. Its prevalence increases with age and varies significantly across ethnic groups, signaling higher type 2 diabetes risk.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Acanthosis nigricans presents as localized skin lesions associated with obesity and hyperinsulinemia.
  • Skin darkening is due to hyperkeratosis, and roughening correlates with papillomatosis.
  • The exact biochemical pathways for this hyperplastic lesion remain under investigation, but likely involve local growth factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and ethnic variations of acanthosis nigricans in children and adolescents.
  • To establish acanthosis nigricans as a clinical marker for hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance.
  • To identify populations at higher risk for type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional surveys of unselected populations were conducted.

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  • Prevalence data for acanthosis nigricans and obesity were collected across different age groups and ethnicities.
  • Clinical presentation was correlated with laboratory-documented hyperinsulinemia.

    • Main Results:

    • Prevalence of both obesity and acanthosis nigricans increases with age, plateauing after age ten.
    • Significant ethnic disparities observed: ~40% of Native American teens, 13% of African American, 6% of Hispanic, and <1% of white, non-Hispanic teens (10-19 years) have acanthosis nigricans.
    • Acanthosis nigricans presence strongly correlates with laboratory-confirmed hyperinsulinemia.

    Conclusions:

    • Acanthosis nigricans serves as a clinical surrogate for hyperinsulinemia.
    • Individuals with acanthosis nigricans represent a subgroup with elevated insulin levels, severe insulin resistance, and consequently, a heightened risk for type 2 diabetes.
    • Early identification of acanthosis nigricans can aid in risk stratification for type 2 diabetes.