Closure of chronic abdominal wall defects: a long-term evaluation of the components separation method

Incisional hernias and abdominal wall defects are frequently iatrogenic problems that have been found to complicate as many as 11% of all abdominal operations. Current techniques for closure of large, chronic abdominal wall defects have limitations. The use of local musculofascial flaps rather than fascial patches (i.e., the tensor fascia lata) or synthetic material for the repair of chronic abdominal wall defects is preferable. The superiority of innervated muscle flaps that provide dynamic abdominal support has been demonstrated. This report focuses on patients with chronic abdominal wall defects in whom previous techniques have failed. An algorithmic approach to planned reconstruction is presented utilizing the "components separation" technique as its foundation. Thirty-seven patients who underwent abdominal reconstruction following this algorithm are reviewed and their clinical course is outlined. The components separation technique provides a compound innervated and vascularized muscle flap for dynamic support of the reconstructed abdominal wall. The experience documented here and by others suggests that this technique is a safe and effective method for reconstructing the abdominal wall in patients with recurrent herniation. Enterocutaneous fistulas, however, continue to present a challenge to the surgeon.