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Related Experiment Videos

Nitroaromatic munition compounds: environmental effects and screening values.

S S Talmage1, D M Opresko, C J Maxwell

  • 1Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37830, USA.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
|April 28, 1999
PubMed
Summary
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This study assesses the environmental fate and toxicity of eight munition compounds, establishing safe levels for aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Munitions chemicals are moderately to highly toxic, with some persisting in the environment and posing risks to wildlife.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Nitroaromatic munition compounds and their degradation products, including TNT, RDX, and HMX, are present at military sites.
  • These compounds can persist in soil, sediment, and water, with moderate adsorption suggesting potential groundwater leaching.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the environmental occurrence, transport, transformation, and toxicity of eight munition compounds.
  • To establish screening benchmarks or safe environmental levels for aquatic and terrestrial organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized available data on occurrence, transport, transformation, and toxicity of eight munition compounds.
  • Calculated water quality criteria and ecotoxicological screening benchmarks using USEPA Tier I or II guidelines.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Derived wildlife screening benchmarks (NOAELs) by extrapolating from laboratory animal studies and considering species-specific data.

    • Main Results:

    • Munition compounds are found in various environmental media at military sites and can persist.
    • Primary transformation pathways include photolysis, hydrolysis, and microbial degradation, though complete mineralization is often limited.
    • These chemicals exhibit moderate to high toxicity to aquatic organisms (chronic screening values < 1 mg/L) and pose risks to wildlife, with varying sensitivity observed across species.

    Conclusions:

    • Screening benchmarks for aquatic and terrestrial organisms were developed, indicating potential risks from munition compound contamination.
    • While some compounds show moderate toxicity to mammals, data gaps exist, particularly for avian species and terrestrial ecosystems.
    • Further research is needed to refine benchmarks and address uncertainties, especially concerning complete biodegradation and long-term ecological impacts.