Effect of ambient temperature on the circadian activity rhythm in common marmosets, Callithrix j. jacchus (primates)

Whereas the (zeitgeber) effect of ambient temperature Ta and temperature cycles TaC's on circadian rhythmicity has been well documented for heterothermic mammals, inconsistent results have been obtained for strictly homeothermic species. Hence, it might be inferred that the susceptibility of the mammalian circadian timing system (CTS) to Ta and TaC's depends on the range of the animals' core and/or brain temperature rhythm. This hypothesis was tested in the common marmoset (Callithrix j. jacchus, n = 12), a small diurnal primate with an amplitude in body temperature rhythm that is larger than for other homeothermic primates studied so far. Within the range 20-30 degrees C, no systematic effects of constant Ta on most parameters of the marmosets' light-dark (LD)-entrained and free-running circadian activity rhythm (CAR) were found. Significant differences could be established in the average amount of activity per circadian cycle. It was highest at Ta 25 degrees C (LD) and 20 degrees C (light-light, LL) and most probably reflected a temperature-induced masking effect. A 24 h trapezoidal TaC of 20:30 degrees C entrained the free-running CAR in two of six marmosets and produced relative coordination in all others. Accordingly, in all animals tested, it had an effect on the CTS. In marmosets free running in LL at a Ta of 20 degrees C or 30 degrees C, 3 h warm and cold pulses of 30 degrees C and 20 degrees C, respectively, produced neither systematic phase responses nor period responses of the CAR. So, there is no evidence of a phase-response mechanism underlying circadian entrainment. The results show that large-amplitude TaC's function as a weak zeitgeber for the marmosets' CTS. Since this zeitgeber effect is significantly larger than that found in owl monkeys, the results are consistent with the starting hypothesis that the zeitgeber effect of a given TaC on the mammalian CTS may be related to the amplitude of the species' core and/or brain temperature cycle.