Neural control of gonadotropin secretion in primates

In the rhesus monkey, there is abundant evidence to indicate that ovarian secretions, mainly estradiol-17beta, control "tonic" as well as "cyclic" secretion of gonadotropins during the menstrual cycle. This mechanism of control ensures coordination of ovarian morphology and anterior pituitary secretory patterns. The primary site of action of estradiol in controlling both "tonic" and "cyclic" secretion of gonadotropins has been circumscribed to the medial basal hypothalamic-pituitary unit. A modulatory role in "cyclic" secretion by neural structures situated within the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area or by efferent fibers in passage through this region also has been postulated. However, the accrued evidence indicates that in the primate, contrary to the rodent, the role of these rostral neural structures is not essential for menstrual cyclicity. Strong evidence also indicates that the isolated pituitary gland can respond to estrogen signals as well. Secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic decapeptide, into the long portal vessels is, however, essential to maintain function of the gonadotroph. Further, pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone is distinctly under the control of a similarly paced hypothalamic clock.