R Berguer1, D L Forkey, W D Smith
1University of California Davis, School of Medicine, and VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road (112), Martinez, CA 94553, USA.
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Laparoscopic surgery instruments cause significant forearm and thumb muscle strain in surgeons. This ergonomic issue leads to pain and stiffness, impacting surgeon well-being and potentially surgical performance.
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