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Updated: Aug 17, 2026

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers
Published on: January 28, 2020
Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine College of Medicine, USA. wcmmd@aol.com
Abstract:
Sports medicine literature often refers to "swimmer's shoulder." Increasingly, however, it is evident that swimmer's shoulder is a spectrum of maladies whose underlying origins may be incidental to athletic activity. Those dealing with the treatment of swimmers should have a thorough understanding of the differential diagnosis of the shoulder, the age range of competitive swimmers, and the effects of the aging process, and age-related disease processes and should consider the possibilities of neoplasm, degenerative diseases, and acquired processes such as arthritis or metabolic diseases.
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Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:

