Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency: report of a case with onset in late infancy

A case of holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) deficiency of late-infantile onset is presented and compared with the common manifestations in previously reported patients. Our patient had her first episode at 20 months followed by recurrent episodes of metabolic acidosis with ketolactic acidosis responding dramatically to a short trial of biotin and thiamin. The main clinical findings were metabolic acidosis with alteration in consciousness and respiration, which are in accordance with findings in earlier reported patients with both neonatal-onset and infantile-onset forms of HCS deficiency. The diagnosis of HCS deficiency was made only at the age of 5.5 years during a metabolic work-up when organic acid analysis was performed. This revealed elevated urinary excretion of the characteristics metabolites, 3-hydroxypropionate, 3-hydroxyisovalerate and methylcitrate, suggesting multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD). MCD was demonstrated in fibroblasts of our patient, but only when the cells were grown in a medium with a very low biotin concentration of 10(-10) mol/L. Kinetics studies of reactivation of deficient propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity with biotin in intact fibroblasts revealed a midly decreased reactivation rate and only a 3-5 times higher biotin requirement as compared with controls. These findings are in accordance with a mild form of HCS deficiency. This child responded to 10 mg/day of biotin with normal lymphocyte carboxylase activities and adequate school performance at 10 years of age.