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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences01:20

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences

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Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and...
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Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

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Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely...
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Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

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Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

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Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent...
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Single Pipe Systems01:24

Single Pipe Systems

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In pipe flow analysis, problems are typically categorized into three types — Type I, Type II, and Type III — based on the known parameters and the desired outcome. Each type of problem addresses specific engineering requirements using fluid properties, pipe characteristics, and operational conditions.
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Multiple Pipe Systems01:21

Multiple Pipe Systems

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Multipipe systems consist of complex configurations of interconnected pipes designed to transport fluids efficiently across intricate networks. They are essential in engineering applications requiring precise control over flow distribution, pressure, and head loss. They are categorized into series, parallel, loop, and network configurations, each distinguished by unique flow characteristics and applications.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Parallel-plate Flow Chamber and Continuous Flow Circuit to Evaluate Endothelial Progenitor Cells under Laminar Flow Shear Stress
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Parallel-plate Flow Chamber and Continuous Flow Circuit to Evaluate Endothelial Progenitor Cells under Laminar Flow Shear Stress

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Interference by tubing material in continuous-flow systems.

E B de Jong, H M Goldschmidt, J A Loog

    Clinical Chemistry
    |December 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    An anomalous calcium measurement was resolved by directly sampling diluted serum from the instrument

    Area of Science:

    • Clinical Chemistry
    • Analytical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Accurate calcium measurement is crucial for diagnosing various medical conditions.
    • The smac multi-channel high-speed analyzer is a widely used instrument for clinical chemistry analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify and resolve an anomalous behavior affecting calcium measurements using the smac analyzer.
    • To improve the reliability of calcium determination in clinical diagnostics.

    Main Methods:

    • Investigated an anomalous behavior observed during calcium measurement.
    • Modified the sampling method by directly collecting diluted serum from the dilution loop.
    • Bypassed the stainless-steel riser component of the analyzer.

    Main Results:

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    Parallel-plate Flow Chamber and Continuous Flow Circuit to Evaluate Endothelial Progenitor Cells under Laminar Flow Shear Stress
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    • The anomalous behavior in calcium measurements was successfully eliminated.
    • Direct sampling from the dilution loop prevented interference from the stainless-steel riser.
    • This modification ensured accurate and reliable calcium quantification.

    Conclusions:

    • Directly sampling diluted serum from the dilution loop is an effective method to resolve anomalous calcium measurements.
    • The stainless-steel riser may introduce interference in calcium determination.
    • This procedural adjustment enhances the diagnostic accuracy of the smac analyzer for calcium.