Electrical stimulation of teeth

The technical problems of stimulating intact teeth in clinical diagnosis and in pain research are discussed. Bipolar stimulation has no advantage over monopolar stimulation for most applications. A 100 V constant current stimulator is suitable for monopolar stimulation of healthy teeth with a large electrode at about threshold intensity, but, for monopolar stimulation up to 150 micronA and for bipolar stimulation, very much higher voltages are required and no suitable instrument is available. Circuits are given for isolated 100 V and 1kV constant current stimulators.