Economics of intellectual property rights in the international arena

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Y M Braunstein

    Journal of the American Society for Information Science. American Society for Information Science
    |December 10, 1988
    PubMed

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    Equity Theory01:26

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    Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions01:15

    Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions

    PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF).
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    Physical Properties of Ethers

    Overview
    An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
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    Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity02:24

    Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

    It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...
    Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

    Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

    The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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