Determining physicians' performance. Continuing medical education and other interacting variables

Participation in formal continuing medical education (CME) is required by many organizations and state governments as the foremost means of assuring the quality of medical care. Analysis of the literature reveals that CME in all its forms is effective in improving competence, i.e., the ability to provide good care. However, that competence is not regularly reflected in physicians' habitual performance in the care of patients. A number of factors are known to narrow the gap between competence and performance, including clear specification of standards, individual feedback on actual performance, and a professional environment conductive to the maintenance of high standards. In the presence of such factors, CME can improve physicians' performance when directed to objectively identified deficiencies. However, public assurance of the quality of medical care can only be provided through certification that individual physicians' performance conforms to contemporary valid standards.