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Emerging infectious diseases and pathogens.

T Chou1

  • 1Infection Control Epidemiologist, Infection Control Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA.

The Nursing Clinics of North America
|May 11, 1999
PubMed
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Emerging infectious diseases, including C. difficile and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, pose significant challenges due to microbial evolution and global factors. Effective identification, treatment, and control strategies are crucial for public health.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Emerging infectious diseases stem from microbial evolution (old, new, mutant pathogens) and are influenced by patient factors, antibiotic use, environmental changes, xenotransplantation, and international travel.
  • Significant increases in diseases like Clostridioides difficile, cyclosporiasis, enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Hantavirus, hepatitis C virus, and Lyme disease have been observed in the U.S. over the last two decades.
  • Prominent emergence of microorganisms such as Malassezia pachydermatis, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative bacilli, and antibiotic-resistant Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is noted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted nature of emerging infectious diseases.
  • To highlight key pathogens and contributing factors driving their emergence.

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  • To underscore the challenges in managing these evolving health threats.

    • Main Methods:

    • Review of literature on emerging infectious diseases.
    • Analysis of trends in pathogen emergence and associated risk factors.
    • Identification of specific pathogens and diseases of concern.

    Main Results:

    • Multiple factors contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases, including microbial adaptation and global interconnectedness.
    • Specific pathogens and diseases show increasing incidence in the United States.
    • Antibiotic resistance is a major driver for the emergence of challenging bacterial pathogens.

    Conclusions:

    • The landscape of infectious diseases is dynamic, with continuous emergence of pathogens.
    • Controlling emerging infectious diseases requires a comprehensive approach addressing microbial, host, and environmental factors.
    • Significant challenges remain in the identification, treatment, and control of these evolving threats.