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Related Concept Videos

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions01:17

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions

A phase I reaction is a biochemical process that introduces a functionally reactive polar group to a substance. This transformation predominantly occurs in the liver, facilitated by the cytochrome P450 system of hemoproteins situated in the lipophilic endoplasmic reticulum of cells. The metabolite generated through this process can have varying polarities. If it is sufficiently polar, it can be easily excreted in the urine due to its water compatibility. However, if the metabolite is nonpolar,...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor•Hsp90 Protein Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding
11:07

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Published on: September 21, 2011

[11 beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase: characteristics and the clinical significance of a key enzyme in cortisol

M N Kerstens1, R P Dullaart

  • 1Academisch Ziekenhuis, afd. Endocrinologie, Groningen.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|May 13, 1999
PubMed
Summary

The enzyme 11 beta HSD interconverts cortisol and cortisone. Its type 2 isozyme protects the mineralocorticoid receptor, and deficiencies cause hypertension.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology

Context:

  • The enzyme 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta HSD) regulates cortisol and cortisone levels.
  • Two isozymes exist: 11 beta HSD type 1 (bidirectional, liver) and 11 beta HSD type 2 (unidirectional dehydrogenase, kidney).

Purpose:

  • To elucidate the distinct roles and significance of 11 beta HSD isozymes.
  • To explore the enzyme's involvement in mineralocorticoid receptor specificity and related pathologies.

Summary:

  • 11 beta HSD type 2 is crucial for mineralocorticoid receptor specificity by inactivating cortisol in the kidney.
  • Deficiencies in 11 beta HSD type 2 lead to apparent mineralocorticoid excess (syndrome) and liquorice-induced hypertension.
  • The enzyme may contribute to essential hypertension, obesity, and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Impact:

  • Understanding 11 beta HSD function is key to managing conditions like hypertension and metabolic disorders.
  • Targeting 11 beta HSD activity could offer therapeutic strategies for endocrine and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors' natriuretic effects may be partly mediated by enhancing 11 beta HSD activity.