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Plastic Behavior

Plastic Behavior

A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and reloaded.

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

Plastic Deformations

Plastic Deformations

It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...

Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
As the bending moment...

Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single Plane of Symmetry

Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single Plane of Symmetry

When a structural member undergoes plastic deformation due to bending, it is crucial to understand the position of the neutral axis and the stress distribution. This member, characterized by a single plane of symmetry, exhibits a uniform stress distribution, with negative stress above the neutral axis and positive stress below. Notably, the neutral axis does not align with the centroid of the cross-section. This misalignment is typical in cases where the cross-section is not rectangular or...

Plastic Deformations

Plastic Deformations

Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their original...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

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Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity.

F Engert¹, T Bonhoeffer

¹Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, München-Martinsried, Germany.

|May 20, 1999

Summary

Long-term synaptic enhancement in the hippocampus leads to new spine growth on dendrites. This structural change, observed with two-photon imaging, is linked to neuronal plasticity and learning.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cellular Biology
Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

Long-term synaptic efficacy enhancement in the hippocampus is a key model for understanding neuronal plasticity, circuit reorganization, and learning.
Demonstrating a direct link between functional synaptic changes and subcellular morphological alterations has been challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether long-lasting functional enhancement of hippocampal synapses is accompanied by observable morphological changes at the subcellular level.
To determine if new dendritic spine formation correlates with long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 area.

Main Methods:

Utilized a combination of local superfusion technique and two-photon imaging.
Scrutinized specific regions of the postsynaptic dendrite to observe structural changes.
Compared spine density in regions with induced long-term potentiation versus control regions.

Main Results:

Following the induction of long-lasting synaptic enhancement in area CA1, a significant increase in new dendritic spines was observed.
Short-lasting synaptic enhancement did not result in significant spine growth.
Control regions on the same dendrite and slices with blocked long-term potentiation showed no significant spine growth, confirming the specificity of the observation.

Conclusions:

Long-lasting functional enhancement of synapses in the hippocampus CA1 area is directly associated with the formation of new dendritic spines.
This study provides direct morphological evidence supporting the role of structural plasticity in long-term synaptic potentiation and potentially learning and memory.