Effects of age and gender on autonomic control of blood pressure dynamics

Both age and gender influence cardiovascular autonomic control, which in turn may influence the ability to withstand adverse cardiac events and respond to orthostatic stress. The purpose of this study was (1) to quantify age- and gender- related alterations in autonomic control of blood pressure (BP) and (2) to examine the impact of these autonomic alterations on BP response to orthostatic stress. We measured continuous BP and R-R intervals and vasoactive peptide levels in the supine and 60 degrees head-up tilt positions during paced respiration (0.25 Hz) in 89 carefully screened healthy subjects (41 men, 48 women, aged 20 to 83 years). Data were analyzed by gender (age adjusted) and by age group (gender adjusted). During tilt, women had greater decreases in systolic BP than men (-10.2+/-2 versus -1.2+/-3 mm Hg; P=0.02) and smaller increases in low-frequency (sympathetically mediated) BP power (P=0.02). Upright plasma norepinephrine was lower in women (P=0.02). Women had greater supine high-frequency R-R interval power than men (P=0.0001). In elderly subjects, the tilt-induced increase in low-frequency BP power was also diminished (P=0.01), despite higher supine (P=0.02) and similar upright norepinephrine levels compared with younger subjects. Thus, healthy women have less sympathetic influence on BP and greater parasympathetic influence on R-R interval than men. Elderly subjects also have reduced sympathetic influence on BP, but this appears to be more consistent with a reduction in vasomotor sympathetic responsiveness.