Molecular chaperone-like properties of an unfolded protein, alpha(s)-casein

All molecular chaperones known to date are well organized, folded protein molecules whose three-dimensional structure are believed to play a key role in the mechanism of substrate recognition and subsequent assistance to folding. A common feature of all protein and nonprotein molecular chaperones is the propensity to form aggregates very similar to the micellar aggregates. In this paper we show that alpha(s)-casein, abundant in mammalian milk, which has no well defined secondary and tertiary structure but exits in nature as a micellar aggregate, can prevent a variety of unrelated proteins/enzymes against thermal-, chemical-, or light-induced aggregation. It also prevents aggregation of its natural substrates, the whey proteins. alpha(s)-Casein interacts with partially unfolded proteins through its solvent-exposed hydrophobic surfaces. The absence of disulfide bridge or free thiol groups in its sequence plays important role in preventing thermal aggregation of whey proteins caused by thiol-disulfide interchange reactions. Our results indicate that alpha(s)-casein not only prevents the formation of huge insoluble aggregates but it can also inhibit accumulation of soluble aggregates of appreciable size. Unlike other molecular chaperones, this protein can solubilize hydrophobically aggregated proteins. This protein seems to have some characteristics of cold shock protein, and its chaperone-like activity increases with decrease of temperature.