Phospholipid bound to the flavohemoprotein from Alcaligenes eutrophus

The structurally characterized flavohemoprotein from Alcaligenes eutrophus (FHP) contains a phospholipid-binding site with 1-16 : 0-2-cyclo-17 : 0-diacyl-glycerophospho-ethanolamine and 1-16 : 0-2-cyclo-17 : 0-diacyl-glycerophospho-glycerol as the major occupying compounds. The structure of the phospholipid is characterized by its compact form, due to the -sc/beta/-sc conformation of the glycerol and the nonlinear arrangement of the sn-1- and sn-2-fatty acid chains. The phospholipid-binding site is located adjacent to the heme molecule at the bottom of a large cavity. The fatty acid chains form a large number of van der Waal's contacts with nonpolar side chains, whereas the glycerophosphate moiety, which points towards the entrance of the channel, is linked to the protein matrix by polar interactions. The thermodynamically stable globin module of FHP, obtained after cleaving off the oxidoreductase module, also contains the phospholipid and can therefore be considered as a phospholipid-binding protein. Single amino acid exchanges designed to decrease the lipid-binding site revealed both the possibility of blocking incorporation of the phospholipid and its capability to evade steric barriers. Conformational changes in the phospholipid can also be induced by binding heme-ligating compounds. Phospholipid binding is not a general feature of flavohemoproteins, because the Escherichia coli and the yeast protein exhibit less and no lipid affinity, respectively.