Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). It is perhaps unsurprising, that many...

What is Monogastric Digestion?

What is Monogastric Digestion?

The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a diploid stage—with cells containing two sets of chromosomes. The haploid stage is the gamete-producing gametophyte, and the diploid stage is the spore-producing sporophyte.

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells, including...

Digestive Functions of the Large Intestine

Digestive Functions of the Large Intestine

The large intestine is where the final stages of digestion happen. When the cecum receives chyme, it contains undigested carbohydrates that undergo fermentation. Gut bacteria ferment these carbohydrates to produce short-chain fatty acids that provide some energy and help synthesize essential vitamins.
As the chyme moves to the colon, it triggers two characteristic sluggish contractions - haustral churning and mass peristalsis. Haustral churning involves the rhythmic contraction and relaxation...

The Mammary Glands

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Nitric oxide is involved in the expression of neocortical spike-and-wave spindling episodes in DBA/2J mice.

The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology·2003

Same author

Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic Bochdalek hernia. Case report.

Minerva pediatrica·2003

Same author

Spectrum of SCN1A mutations in severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy.

Neurology·2003

Same author

Family study of epilepsy in first degree relatives: data from the Italian Episcreen Study.

Seizure·2003

Same author

Alterations in smooth muscle contractile and cytoskeleton proteins and interstitial cells of Cajal in megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome.

Journal of pediatric surgery·2003

Same author

Evidence for the presence of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and beta in the rat spinal cord.

Journal of chemical neuroanatomy·2003

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland

Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland

Published on: December 1, 2015

Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop.

J D Griffith¹, L Comeau, S Rosenfield

¹Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, 27599-7295, USA. jdg@med.unc.edu

|May 25, 1999

Summary

Telomere protection protein TRF2 remodels telomeric DNA into large duplex loops (t loops). These t loops, observed in human and mouse cells, may protect and replicate chromosome ends.

More Related Videos

Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes

Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes

Published on: June 3, 2017

Bovine Mammary Gland Biopsy Techniques

Bovine Mammary Gland Biopsy Techniques

Published on: December 23, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland

Indirect Immunofluorescence on Frozen Sections of Mouse Mammary Gland

Published on: December 1, 2015

Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes

Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes

Published on: June 3, 2017

Bovine Mammary Gland Biopsy Techniques

Bovine Mammary Gland Biopsy Techniques

Published on: December 23, 2018

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Mammalian telomeres consist of repetitive DNA sequences bound by proteins, including TRF1 and TRF2.
TRF2 is crucial for telomere end protection; its inhibition leads to chromosome end deprotection and fusions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural role of TRF2 in telomere maintenance.
To elucidate the mechanism of telomere end protection.

Main Methods:

In vitro biochemical assays using electron microscopy to observe DNA structural changes.
Analysis of psoralen cross-linked telomeric DNA from human and mouse cells using electron microscopy.

Main Results:

TRF2 was shown to remodel linear telomeric DNA into large duplex loops (t loops) in vitro.
Abundant t loops were identified in telomeric DNA from human and mouse cells.
Evidence suggests t loops form via 3' overhang invasion into the duplex telomeric array, involving TRF1 and single-strand binding proteins.

Conclusions:

Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2) plays a key role in forming telomeric loops (t loops).
T loops are a conserved structure in mammalian cells, potentially serving as a mechanism for telomere protection and replication.