Primary socialization theory and a bio/psycho/social/spiritual practice model for substance use

This article supports primary socialization theory as a theory for practitioners to use in drug-user treatment and prevention interventions. Primary socialization theory is compatible with the bio/psycho/social/spiritual practice model and targeting the individual within his or her etiological domains/situation to initiate specific interventions. Governmental institutions are posited as an additional secondary socialization factor for primary socialization theory. Gender is stressed as important for primary socialization theory and is emphasized for carrying out interventions. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]