Electrophysiological evidence of two different types of error in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

The specificity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) for assessing frontal lobe pathology remains controversial, although lesion and cerebral blood flow studies continue to suggest a role for the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in WCST performance. Inconsistencies might derive from the extended use of various WCST scores as equivalent indicators of frontal pathology. In this study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 32 normal subjects who committed perseverative and non-perseverative errors. Both types of WCST errors evoked anomalous but distinct ERP patterns over frontal lobe regions. Perseverative errors were also associated with a dysfunctional extrastriate response to stimulation. This evidence suggests that perseverative and non-perseverative errors result from disruptions in two different prefrontal neural networks engaged during card sorting.