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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
05:25

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Published on: August 14, 2019

Total urogenital sinus mobilization: expanded applications.

B Ludwikowski1, I Oesch Hayward, R González

  • 1Department of Paediatric Surgery, Landeskrankenanstalten, Salzburg, Austria.

BJU International
|June 15, 1999
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Total urogenital sinus mobilization simplifies surgical correction for various urogenital malformations, including persistent cloaca and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), preserving urinary continence in most cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Urology
  • Genitourinary Reconstruction

Background:

  • Congenital urogenital malformations, such as persistent cloaca and urogenital sinus (UGS) anomalies, present complex surgical challenges.
  • Previous methods for correcting these conditions can be intricate, necessitating simpler and more effective techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the extended applications of total urogenital sinus mobilization as a simplified surgical approach.
  • To assess the efficacy and outcomes of this technique in a cohort of pediatric patients with diverse UGS malformations.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of seven children (six girls, one boy) with diagnoses including persistent cloaca, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), UGS, bladder exstrophy, and penile agenesis underwent surgery.
  • The total urogenital sinus mobilization technique involved a posterior sagittal incision, circumferential dissection, and creation of separate vaginal and urethral openings for UGS ≤3 cm.

Main Results:

  • All patients achieved separate vaginal and urethral openings.
  • Urinary continence was preserved in three patients; one patient with bladder exstrophy remained incontinent.
  • Outcomes in younger patients are pending toilet training assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Total urogenital sinus mobilization offers a simplified and effective surgical correction for UGS malformations.
  • The technique is confirmed as useful for persistent cloaca and beneficial for patients with CAH, primary UGS, and selected cases of bladder exstrophy and penile agenesis.
  • Urinary continence is maintained despite extensive mobilization, indicating the technique's safety and efficacy.