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Environmental chemical-induced immune dysfunction.

L D Loose, K A Pittman, K F Benitz

    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
    |September 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Environmental contaminants like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) impair immune function in mice. These chemicals reduced antibody formation, increased endotoxin sensitivity, and decreased resistance to malaria infection.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunotoxicology
    • Environmental Health
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Environmental chemical contaminants pose risks to host defense mechanisms.
    • Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) are persistent organic pollutants with known toxic effects.
    • Understanding the impact of these contaminants on immune function is crucial for public health.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effects of dietary exposure to PCB (Aroclor 1242) and HCB on immune responses in mice.
    • To assess changes in antibody formation, endotoxin sensitivity, and resistance to malaria infection.
    • To determine if immune parameters can serve as sensitive indicators of chemical toxicity.

    Main Methods:

    • Mice were fed diets containing PCB (Aroclor 1242) or HCB at 167 ppm for 3 or 6 weeks.

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  • Antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was measured.
  • Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations were determined.
  • Sensitivity to gram-negative endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa) was assessed.
  • Resistance to Plasmodium berghei malaria challenge was evaluated by measuring mean survival time.

    • Main Results:

    • PCB and HCB significantly depressed antibody synthesis to SRBC and reduced serum IgA levels.
    • Endotoxin sensitivity increased 5.2-fold with PCB and 32-fold with HCB exposure.
    • Mice exposed to PCB or HCB showed decreased resistance to malaria, with reduced mean survival times.
    • No significant histopathological alterations were observed in the treated mice.

    Conclusions:

    • Dietary exposure to PCB and HCB impairs key immune functions, including antibody production and resistance to infection.
    • These environmental contaminants increase susceptibility to endotoxin and malaria.
    • Immune parameter evaluation may serve as a sensitive indicator of xenobiotic toxicity, even in the absence of overt histopathological changes.