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Voltammetry: Overview

Voltammetry: Overview

Voltammetry is an electroanalytical technique in which the current flowing through an electrochemical cell is measured as a function of applied potential, typically under conditions of concentration polarization. The technique provides valuable information about redox-active species, and the current response is plotted as a voltammogram.
A voltammetric cell uses three electrodes: a working electrode, a reference electrode, and an auxiliary electrode. The redox reactions occur in the working...

Voltammetry: Factors Affecting Measurements

Voltammetry: Factors Affecting Measurements

A current produced due to the redox reactions of the analyte at the working and auxiliary electrodes is called a faradaic current. The reaction can be divided into two types. The current generated due to the reduction of the analyte is called cathodic current, and it carries a positive charge. In contrast, the current produced by analyte oxidation is known as an anodic current, and it has a negative charge. The applied potential at the working electrode determines the faradaic current flow, and...

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Polarography is a classical voltammetric technique used to analyze electrochemical reactions. This method applies a linear potential sweep to a dropping mercury electrode (DME), and the resulting current is measured. A dropping mercury electrode is commonly used as the working electrode in polarography. It consists of a capillary tube filled with mercury, where the tiny droplet forms at the tip. This droplet continuously drops from the capillary, creating a new electrode surface for each...

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Differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV) is a type of voltammetry that involves applying a series of voltage pulses to an electrochemical cell while measuring the resulting current. In DPV, the differential pulse or small potential pulses are superimposed on a linear potential sweep. The magnitude of these pulses is typically small, often in the millivolt range. Each voltage pulse lasts a short duration, usually in the order of a few milliseconds, and is applied at regular intervals along the...

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Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is an electrochemical technique used to investigate the redox properties of a chemical species. It involves measuring the current response of an electrochemical cell as a function of the applied potential. The setup for cyclic voltammetry typically consists of a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode—all immersed in an electrolyte solution. The working electrode is where the redox reaction of interest occurs, while the reference electrode...

Voltammetry: Stripping Methods

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Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV), Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CSV), and Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (AdSV) are electrochemical techniques used to determine trace amounts of analytes in solution. These methods involve applying a potential to an electrode and measuring the resulting current.
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV)
ASV is used to determine metals and metalloids at trace levels. It involves two steps: deposition and stripping. First, a negative potential is applied to the...

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Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

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Electrochemical behaviour of Venlafaxine and its determination in pharmaceutical products using square wave

J L Lima¹, D V Loo, C Delerue-Matos

¹CEQUP/Departamento de Química-Física, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal.

Farmaco (Societa Chimica Italiana : 1989)

|June 17, 1999

Summary

A new electrochemical method accurately determines Venlafaxine in pharmaceuticals. This technique, using anodic stripping square wave voltammetry, offers a low detection limit of 0.124 mg/l.

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Combined Infusion and Stimulation with Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (CIS-FSCV) to Assess Ventral Tegmental Area Receptor Regulation of Phasic Dopamine

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Published on: April 23, 2020

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Pharmaceutical Analysis

Background:

Venlafaxine is a widely used antidepressant.
Accurate determination of Venlafaxine in pharmaceutical formulations is crucial for quality control.
Existing analytical methods may require complex procedures or expensive equipment.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a novel electrochemical method for Venlafaxine determination.
To optimize the electrochemical conditions for sensitive and accurate analysis.
To compare the developed method with existing techniques like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Main Methods:

Electrochemical oxidation of Venlafaxine was studied at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE).
A wide pH range (1.9-10.0) of buffered aqueous solutions was investigated.
Anodic stripping square wave voltammetry (SWV) was employed, with optimal results obtained in a boric acid/potassium tetrahydroxoborate buffer at pH 8.7.

Main Results:

The optimized method demonstrated excellent analytical signal definition.
Recovery trials showed high accuracy, with a relative deviation of less than 0.2%.
The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 0.124 mg/l, indicating high sensitivity.

Conclusions:

The developed electrochemical method provides a sensitive, accurate, and reliable approach for Venlafaxine quantification.
This method is suitable for the routine analysis of Venlafaxine in pharmaceutical formulations.
The technique offers a viable alternative to conventional methods like HPLC.