Leukocytes as modulators of stellate cell activation

Activation of stellate cells is central to the process of hepatic fibrogenesis. Stellate cell activation can be influenced by many factors, including cytokines, oxidants, and alterations in the perisinusoidal extracellular matrix. These factors can be produced by resident liver cells (hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, or stellate cells themselves); however, infiltrating leukocytes may also play an important role. Because liver fibrosis often follows a prolonged period of hepatic inflammation, investigators have begun to study leukocytes as modulators of stellate cell activation. The following data summarize recent investigations in this area that focus on neutrophils as well as mononuclear cells.