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Related Concept Videos

Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
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Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

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Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro
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Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

Published on: June 1, 2010

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection.

A Manns1, M Hisada, L La Grenade

  • 1Viral Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. mannsa@epndce.nci.nih.gov

Lancet (London, England)
|June 17, 1999
PubMed
Summary

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) causes adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma and other serious conditions. Its full disease spectrum, transmission, and lack of treatment options highlight public health concerns.

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Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Virology and Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurodegenerative Disorders

Background:

  • Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is the first identified human retrovirus linked to malignancy.
  • HTLV-I is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma and non-malignant conditions like HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP), infective dermatitis, and uveitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the known disease spectrum of HTLV-I.
  • To highlight the global distribution and transmission routes of HTLV-I.
  • To underscore the current limitations in prevention and treatment for HTLV-I.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on HTLV-I.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data regarding HTLV-I prevalence and transmission.

Main Results:

  • HTLV-I is associated with a range of malignant and non-malignant diseases, with its full spectrum still under investigation.
  • Endemic foci are identified in the Caribbean and southern Japan, with mother-to-child, sexual, and blood transfusion being primary transmission routes.
  • There are currently no available vaccines or proven treatments for advanced HTLV-I disease.

Conclusions:

  • The known disease spectrum of HTLV-I is expanding, necessitating continued research.
  • Effective public health strategies are crucial due to efficient transmission routes.
  • Urgent development of vaccines and treatments for HTLV-I is required.