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Related Experiment Videos

The vestibular cortex. Its locations, functions, and disorders.

T Brandt1, M Dieterich

  • 1Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximillians University, Munich, Germany. tbrandt@brain.nefo.med.uni-muenchen.de

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|June 18, 1999
PubMed
Summary

The human parieto-insular cortex, or PIVC, processes verticality and self-motion perception. Lesions cause disorientation, while brain imaging shows PIVC integrates visual and vestibular input for spatial orientation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vestibular System Research
  • Human Sensory Perception

Background:

  • The parieto-insular cortex (PIVC) is a multisensory region in the human brain.
  • Its role in processing vestibular information, such as self-motion and verticality, is under investigation.
  • Understanding PIVC function is crucial for comprehending spatial orientation and balance disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the human homologue of the monkey's parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC).
  • To investigate the PIVC's involvement in the perception of verticality and self-motion.
  • To explore the neural mechanisms underlying visual-vestibular integration in spatial orientation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of patients with acute lesions (middle cerebral artery infarctions) in the multisensory parieto-insular cortex.

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  • Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies to observe brain activation.
  • Stimulation techniques including caloric irrigation, galvanic stimulation of the mastoid, and optokinetic stimulation.

    • Main Results:

    • Acute lesions in the PIVC led to perceptual tilts of verticality, body lateropulsion, and vertigo.
    • PIVC activation was observed in response to both caloric and galvanic vestibular stimulation, indicating input from semicircular canals and otoliths.
    • PIVC also responded to optokinetic stimulation, with significant right-hemispheric dominance in vestibular, visual motion-sensitive, and ocular motor areas.

    Conclusions:

    • The multisensory parieto-insular cortex is the human homologue of the PIVC and is vital for verticality and self-motion perception.
    • A reciprocal inhibitory interaction between visual and vestibular cortices mediates self-motion perception.
    • This inhibitory mechanism allows for flexible weighting of sensory input based on motion type (acceleration vs. constant velocity).