Incidence and mechanism of the pivot shift. An in vitro study

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and mechanism of the pivot shift phenomenon in the normal and anterior cruciate ligament transected knee in vitro. Fifteen knees were tested under a range of valgus moments and iliotibial tract tensions when intact and after anterior cruciate ligament transection. Knee kinematics were measured and described in terms of tibial rotation as the knee flexed. Eight knees pivoted after anterior cruciate ligament transection. The mean pivot shift motion was an external tibial rotation of 17 degrees (+/- 11 degrees standard deviation) over a range of 27 degrees (+/- 24 degrees) knee flexion, at a mean flexion angle of 56 degrees (+/- 27 degrees). Clinically, this corresponds to a reduction of an anteriorly subluxed lateral tibial plateau as the knee flexes. When intact, pivoting and nonpivoting knees had similar anteroposterior laxity, but after anterior cruciate ligament transection, the pivoting group had significantly greater laxity. The loading required to elicit the pivot shift was critical and variable between knees, which raises questions about comparing clinicians' techniques and results in assessing the buckling instability attributable to anterior cruciate ligament injury.