Tyramide signal amplification in brain immunocytochemistry: adaptation to electron microscopy

The tyramide signal amplification (TSA) technique is well-established in light microscopic immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The present study deals with its adaptation to the electron microscopic level using the pre-embedding technique and a modified protocol. The outcome of immunolabeling of most of the antigens tested in brain tissue, including endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and isolectin B4, was greatly improved. If signal amplification is required, the TSA-technique proved to be reliable with high specificity and good ultrastructural resolution.