Effect of transition metals on binding of p53 protein to supercoiled DNA and to consensus sequence in DNA fragments

Recently we have shown that wild-type human p53 protein binds preferentially to supercoiled (sc) DNA in vitro in both the presence and absence of the p53 consensus sequence (p53CON). This binding produces a ladder of retarded bands on an agarose gel. Using immunoblotting with the antibody DO-1, we show that the bands obtained correspond to ethidium-stained DNA, suggesting that each band of the ladder contains a DNA-p53 complex. The intensity and the number of these hands are decreased by physiological concentrations of zinc ions. At higher zinc concentrations, binding of p53 to scDNA is completely inhibited. The binding of additional zinc ions to p53 appears much weaker than the binding of the intrinsic zinc ion in the DNA binding site of the core domain. In contrast to previously published data suggesting that 100 microM zinc ions do not influence p53 binding to p53CON in a DNA oligonucleotide, we show that 5-20 microM zinc efficiently inhibits binding of p53 to p53CON in DNA fragments. We also show that relatively low concentrations of dithiothreitol but not of 2-mercaptoethanol decrease the concentration of free zinc ions, thereby preventing their inhibitory effect on binding of p53 to DNA. Nickel and cobalt ions inhibit binding of p53 to scDNA and to its consensus sequence in linear DNA fragments less efficiently than zinc; cobalt ions are least efficient, requiring >100 microM Co2+ for full inhibition of p53 binding. Modulation of binding of p53 to DNA by physiological concentrations of zinc might represent a novel pathway that regulates p53 activity in vivo.