Cellular signalling and free-radical modulating activities of the novel peptidomimetic L-glutamyl-histamine

A novel histamine-containing peptidomimetic, L-glutamyl-histamine (L-Glu-Hist), has been synthesized and characterized as a possible cytokine mimic which might lead to cellular responses of improved specificity. The energy-minimized 3-D conformations of L-Glu-Hist derived from its chemical structure stabilize Fe2+-chelating complexes. L-Glu-Hist concentration-dependently accelerates a decrease in ferrous iron in ferrous sulfate solution and shows ferroxidase-like activity at concentrations less than 3 mM in the phenanthroline assay, whereas in the concentration range 3-20 mM it restricts the availability of Fe2+ to phenanthroline by chelation of iron ions. At low concentrations (less than or about 1 mM), L-Glu-Hist stimulates peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine in liposomes catalyzed by a superoxide anion radical (O2)-generating system (Fe2+ + ascorbate) and, at high concentrations (*10 mM), it suppresses lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liposomes. The stimulation of LPO by L-Glu-Hist is related to its ability at low concentrations (*0.05 mM) to release O2 free radicals as determined by the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c. The release of O2 by L-Glu-Hist might result from its ferroxidase-like activity, while its inhibition of LPO is due to chelation of Fe2+, prevention of the formation of free radicals, and degradation of lipid hydroperoxides at 5-20 mM L-Glu-Hist concentrations. L-Glu-Hist releases O2 at concentrations which stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes and also of mononuclear cells from human blood. The induction of lymphocyte proliferation by L-Glu-Hist is dose-dependent in the 0.01-0.05 mM concentration range, although the maximal stimulation of LPO in the O2-dependent system is observed at higher L-Glu-Hist concentrations (*1 mM). Thus, low concentrations of oxygen free radicals released by L-Glu-Hist may provide a very fast, specific, and sensitive trigger for lymphocyte proliferation and immunoregulation.