Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A compact frozen-spin trap for the search for the electric dipole moment of the muon.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2025
Same author

Generating a highly uniform magnetic field inside the magnetically shielded room of the n2EDM experiment.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2025
Same author

PTCH1 inactivation is sufficient to cause basaloid follicular hamartoma in paediatric Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·2022
Same author

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome treated by acitretin: case report and cytokine profile.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·2021
Same author

Non-immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions secondary to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factors.

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie·2021
Same author

Eccrine naevus: Case report with dermoscopic findings.

Annales de dermatologie et de venereologie·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis
09:16

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

Published on: December 14, 2015

Periderm cells form cornified cell envelope in their regression process during human epidermal development.

M Akiyama1, L T Smith, K Yoneda

  • 1Division of Dermatology, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.

The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
|June 26, 1999
PubMed
Summary

During human skin development, key proteins and enzymes involved in forming the protective cornified cell envelope are expressed in the periderm. These findings suggest periderm cells contribute to cornified cell envelope formation as they regress.

More Related Videos

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding
09:14

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding

Published on: August 22, 2016

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
08:49

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

Published on: May 28, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis
09:16

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

Published on: December 14, 2015

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding
09:14

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding

Published on: August 22, 2016

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
08:49

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

Published on: May 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Dermatology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The stratified squamous epithelium forms a protective outer layer of the skin.
  • The cornified cell envelope (CCE) is a crucial structure providing barrier function.
  • CCE formation involves cross-linking of precursor proteins by epidermal transglutaminases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of the CCE during human embryonic and fetal skin development.
  • To analyze the sequential expression of CCE precursor proteins, transglutaminases, and lamellar granule-associated proteins.
  • To understand the role of periderm cells in CCE formation.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy were used to detect protein expression.
  • Human embryonic and fetal skin samples at various gestational ages were analyzed.
  • Expression patterns of involucrin, small proline-rich proteins, loricrin, transglutaminases, and lamellar granule-associated protein were mapped.

Main Results:

  • Membrane thickening and CCE-like structures were observed in periderm cells early in development.
  • CCE proteins, transglutaminases, and lamellar granule-associated protein were initially detected in the periderm.
  • As development progressed, expression patterns shifted to deeper epidermal layers after periderm regression.

Conclusions:

  • CCE precursor proteins, transglutaminases, and lamellar granule-associated proteins are coordinately expressed in periderm cells during human epidermal development.
  • Periderm cells play a role in forming the CCE during their regression process.
  • This study elucidates the temporal and spatial expression of key barrier proteins during early skin morphogenesis.