Pad testing in incontinent women: a review

This article reviews the literature on pad-weighing tests used for objectifying and quantifying incontinence in urinary incontinent women. The patients wear pads weighed before and after the test period. A weight gain is taken as a measure of the amount of urine loss. The tests are in principle of two different types: short-term office tests and long-term home tests, and measure different aspects of urinary control and dysfunction. Both have an inherent large intra- and interindividual variability. Pad weight gains obtained from patients referred for incontinence and those from self-reported continent controls overlap to a certain degree, and it is not possible to identify distinct numerical cut-off values separating continence from incontinence. This suggests that incontinence is a complex condition in which the amount of leakage, other sources of weight gain, and differences in the individual patients' personal characteristics influence the identification and quantification of the problem. In spite of the shortcomings the pad tests remain a valuable tool for both the clinician and the researcher. The home pad tests are superior to the office tests in terms of authenticity, and should be performed with a concomitant systematic registration of the participant's voidings, fluid intake and episodes of incontinence.